First, and foremost, the OSI stack is just a theoretical reference model. There is no actual OSI software. It has been around since about 1980, and it is based upon recommendations from the ITU-T and ...

Peeling back the layers of IoT devices reveals most of them are nothing more than what are already on the Internet in the form of present-day M2M devices. In just six years, according to Cisco Systems ...

Knowledge of the structure of Internet Protocol (IP) packets is a fundamental part of understanding the Internet and how information moves from one point to another. The benefits of such knowledge ...

Morey Haber, Chief Security Advisor at BeyondTrust, is an identity and technical evangelist with over 25 years of IT industry experience. Recently, I was reminiscing with a colleague about unique ...

Network terminology for an open system of time-sensitive networking (TSN) and insight into CC-Link IE TSN. Incorporating IT and OT in smart factories for maximum efficiency. How does the convergence ...

All industrial protocols can benefit directly from the TSN mechanisms that are defined at layer 2 of the OSI reference model. Source: Hirschmann Automation & Control In the past two years, Time ...

While Time-Sensitive Networking technology can deterministically move data from one place to another via Ethernet, it’s the industrial Ethernet protocols that address specific application requirements ...