Digital gates are fundamentally analog in nature. They use transistors. Sure, these transistors are operated at their conduction extremes (which is why they are called “digital”), but during the logic ...

I designed the circuit in Figure 1 as a part of a data transmission system that has a carrier frequency of 400 kHz using on-off keying (OOK) modulation. I needed to detect the presence of the carrier ...

In modern computing, the Boolean logic operations are set by interconnect schemes between the transistors. As the miniaturization in the component level to enhance the computational power is rapidly ...

The phase-frequency detector (PFD) consists of 2 D-trigger with reset from external circuit, performed in ECL logic and multiplexer, which allow to sw ...