There are "costs of life" that mechanical physics cannot calculate. A clear example is the energy required to keep specific ...

Living cells pay a hidden energy price not just to run chemical reactions, but to keep them on track and block all the ...

Cells manage a wide range of functions in their tiny package — growing, moving, housekeeping, and so on — and most of those functions require energy. But how do cells get this energy in the first ...

Using evolution as a guiding principle, researchers have successfully engineered bacteria-yeast hybrids to perform photosynthetic carbon assimilation, generate cellular energy and support yeast growth ...