Learn about digital states, voltage logic levels, and logic level families for digital signals. This tutorial is part of the Instrument Fundamentals series.

In the first installment of this course, we learned that a digital value is a quantity that varies “in steps” and can take on only a finite number of values. In today’s logic systems, only two ...

Making sound with digital logic usually calls for a Digital to Analog converter. Building one can be very simple, and the sound quality out of an R-2R Ladder is actually pretty good. In the last ...

If your introduction to digital electronics came more years ago than you’d care to mention, the chances are you did so with 5V TTL logic. Above 2V but usually pretty close to 5V is a logic 1, below ...

Digital gates are fundamentally analog in nature. They use transistors. Sure, these transistors are operated at their conduction extremes (which is why they are called “digital”), but during the logic ...