These are decimal numbers, and dots above some of the digits make them recurring decimals. One dot means the digit under it repeats infinitely. In other words, it goes on forever (and ever and ever).

Short division is also known as the bus stop method and is often used to divide large numbers. Start with 8 ÷ 7. 8 ÷ 7 = 1 remainder 1. Write 1 above 8 and carry the 1 to the next digit to give 17 17 ...