Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) are widely used as animal models for infectious disease and immunological research. They emulate many aspects of human disease pathogenesis, and the introduction of ...

Intravenous (i.v.) anesthetics include etomidate, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, ketamine, and opioid agonists. The first four agents act by enhancing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter ...

Inhalation anesthetics provide a flexible means of anesthetizing small rodents such as rats, mice, guinea pigs, gerbils, and hamsters, and offer several advantages over injectable agents. For example, ...

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Whilst many procedures can be performed in standing sedated horses with the help of local anaesthetic drugs, there are occasions when full general anaesthesia is required for procedures to be carried ...

Inhaled anesthetic agents include nitrous oxide (the oldest of all anesthetics) and various halogenated agents: desflurane (halogenated solely with fluorine—halogenation increases potency and is ...